1.物料挖掘類

1. Material excavation

(1)水陸兩用挖掘機

(1) Amphibious excavator

水陸兩用挖掘機以普通挖掘機上車平臺為基礎，配備了中空浮箱式底盤，從而使其具有在沼澤、灘涂等松軟地面上行走、停駐、作業的能力。此類設備仍以鏟斗挖掘物料為主，在河道清淤、湖泊灘涂作業方面適應能力很強。

The amphibious excavator is based on the common excavator loading platform and is equipped with a hollow floating box chassis, which enables it to walk, park and work on soft ground such as marsh and mudflat. This kind of equipment is still mainly used to excavate materials with buckets, and has strong adaptability in river dredging and lake mudflat operations.

(2)加長臂型挖掘機

(2) Extended arm excavator

普通挖掘機通過更換加長的動臂、斗桿，即成為加長臂型挖掘機。加長臂型挖掘機能實現較大范圍的作業，廣泛用于河道疏浚、湖泊清潔、水庫維護等特殊工況，同時也可用大坡面的修繕工作。加長臂挖掘機用于水下挖掘時，為保證較好的視野，通常在斗桿上配置水下攝像頭，以便駕駛員隨時掌握鏟斗和物料狀態。

A regular excavator becomes an extended arm excavator by replacing the extended boom and stick. Extended arm excavators can achieve large-scale operations and are widely used in special working conditions such as river dredging, lake cleaning, and reservoir maintenance. They can also be used for repairing large slopes. When an extended arm excavator is used for underwater excavation, in order to ensure a better field of view, an underwater camera is usually installed on the bucket handle, so that the driver can always grasp the status of the bucket and materials.

水陸兩用挖掘機與加長臂通過相互結合，形成優勢互補，能夠更好地完成灘涂和水下挖掘工作，是大型灘涂作業和維護的必備機械。圖1所示為某加長臂水陸兩用挖掘機。

The amphibious excavator and the extended arm form complementary advantages by combining each other, which can better complete the mudflat and underwater excavation work. It is a necessary machine for large-scale mudflat operation and maintenance. Figure 1 shows a brand of extended arm amphibious excavator.

2.物料抓取類

2. Material grabbing class

給挖掘機配備抓取類機具，使其具有抓物、抓料等功能，可實現挖掘機功能、用途多樣化。此類挖掘機抓斗具有多種動作，為此往往需要在原有液壓系統的基礎上新增若干路供油和操縱裝置。物料抓取類挖掘機的屬具主要有4類，分別是抓管器、抓木鉗、梅花抓斗和貝殼斗。

Equipping excavators with grabbing tools to have functions such as grabbing objects and materials can achieve diversified functions and uses of excavators. This type of excavator grab has multiple movements, which often requires adding fuel supply and control devices on the existing hydraulic system. There are four main types of material grabbing excavators, namely pipe grabbers, wood grabbing pliers, plum blossom buckets, and shell buckets.

(1)抓管器

(1) Grabber

管道施工不僅要求設備能夠抓取管道，還要求其能夠靈活控制管道的姿態。通常，抓管器采用液壓馬達驅動，可實現360°回轉，配合挖掘機動臂、斗桿、四連桿機構、上車回轉等多個動作，可實現管道5個自由度的精確定位。此類挖掘機廣泛應用于石油天然氣、石化、冶金、港口疏浚等行業的管線鋪設以及管道制品轉運等。全回轉液壓抓管器結構如圖2所示。

Pipeline construction not only requires equipment to be able to grasp the pipeline, but also requires it to be able to flexibly control the posture of the pipeline. Usually, the pipe gripper is driven by a hydraulic motor and can achieve 360 ° rotation. When combined with multiple actions such as excavator arm, bucket, four-bar linkage, and upper body rotation, it can achieve precise positioning of the pipeline with 5 degrees of freedom. This type of excavator is widely used in pipeline laying and transportation of pipeline products in industries such as oil and gas, petrochemicals, metallurgy, and port dredging. The structure of the fully rotating hydraulic pipe gripper is shown in Figure 2.

(2)抓木鉗

(2) Grabbing wooden pliers

抓木鉗又稱抓木夾、夾木器，由一組互相交錯的叉形鉗組成，主要作用為抓取木材或秸稈類物料。通常抓木鉗具有俯仰、回轉和開合3個動作，可通過調整姿態準確抓取木材或其他物料。抓木鉗結構簡單，能夠替代大量人工搬運和裝車，使用方便靈活，極大地提高了作業的效率。

Grasping pliers, also known as grabbing clamps or wooden tools, are composed of a set of interlocking forked pliers, mainly used to grab wood or straw materials. Usually, wood grabbing pliers have three movements: pitch, turn, and open/close, and can accurately grasp wood or other materials by adjusting the posture. The wooden pliers have a simple structure and can replace a large amount of manual handling and loading. They are convenient and flexible to use, greatly improving the efficiency of operations.

(3)梅花抓斗

(3) Plum Blossom Grab

梅花抓斗是一種廣泛應用于鋼鐵廠、冶煉廠、港口、碼頭和廢鋼轉運等行業的特種屬具,如圖3所示。配裝在挖掘機上的梅花抓斗采用液壓缸驅動，常見的斗瓣數為4~6片。在工作時抓斗一般只有開合動作，因此可以采用原挖掘機鏟斗缸的油路驅動。將挖掘機改為抓料機對挖掘機的改動較小，便于實現。為了使駕駛員獲取很好的視野，確保作業的和效率，一般將其駕駛室設計為增高型。

Plum blossom grab is a special tool widely used in industries such as steel mills, smelters, ports, docks, and scrap steel transportation, as shown in Figure 3. The plum blossom grab bucket installed on the excavator is driven by a hydraulic cylinder, and the most common number of buckets is 4-6 pieces. During operation, the grab bucket usually only has an opening and closing action, so it can be driven by the oil circuit of the original excavator bucket cylinder. Changing the excavator to a grabbing machine requires minimal modifications to the excavator, making it easier to implement. In order to provide drivers with a good view and ensure the safety and efficiency of operations, their cabins are generally designed to be elevated.

(4)貝殼斗

(4) Beike Dou

貝殼斗由于其外形和動作類似貝殼而得名，在斗形閉合時料斗可形成封閉的腔體。貝殼斗主要包含主機架、左斗、右斗和驅動液壓缸。貝殼斗類似于梅花抓斗，一般也只有開合動作。貝殼斗容量大但挖掘力小，為此主要用于輕質松散物料的裝卸和搬運，如用于港口、碼頭、煤場的裝沙、裝煤等。

The shell hopper is named after its shape and action similar to shells, and when the hopper is closed, it can form a closed chamber. The shell bucket mainly includes the main frame, left bucket, right bucket, and driving hydraulic cylinder. Beike Dou is similar to plum blossom grab, usually only having opening and closing movements. The shell hopper has a large capacity but low excavation force, and is mainly used for loading, unloading, and handling of lightweight loose materials, such as loading sand and coal in ports, docks, and coal yards.

3.物料破裂與剪切類

3. Material rupture and shearing

挖掘機通過安裝不同屬具，不僅可以實現土石方等物料的搬運，還可以用于各種物料破碎、破裂、剪切等。物料破裂類挖掘機的屬具主要有3類，分別是破碎錘、液壓剪和裂土器。

Excavators can not only transport materials such as earthwork by installing different accessories, but also be used for crushing, fracturing, shearing, and other materials. There are three main types of equipment for material rupture excavators, namely crushing hammers, hydraulic shears, and soil breakers.

(1)破碎錘

(1) Crushing hammer

破碎錘又稱液壓破碎器，是挖掘機應用相當廣泛的一種特殊機具，主要用于建筑、道路拆除工程以及礦山石料破碎工作?，F在已經有很大一部分挖掘機，在出廠時都標配了液壓破碎管路。

Crushing hammer, also known as hydraulic crusher, is a special tool widely used in excavators, mainly used in construction, road demolition projects, and mining stone crushing work. A large number of excavators now come standard with hydraulic crushing pipelines when they leave the factory.

(2)裂土器

(2) Ripper

普通挖掘機的鏟斗挖掘土方、碎石等相對松軟物料時，可輕松穿透基料從而實現挖掘，但當基料被長時間壓實或為整塊巖石，其則不能正常挖掘。遇到此種狀況，一般通過破碎等方法先碎裂表面后再進行挖掘。

When the bucket of a regular excavator excavates relatively soft materials such as soil and gravel, it can easily penetrate the base material to achieve excavation. However, when the base material is compacted for a long time or is a whole piece of rock, it cannot excavate normally. When encountering such a situation, the surface is generally crushed first and then excavated through methods such as crushing.

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